Fueron los conquistadores españoles quienes en 1525 fundaron la capital sobre las ruinas de la antigua ciudad azteca de Tenochtitlán. The Crown reserved for itself important tools of intervention. [94], When Francisco Coronado and the Spaniards first explored the Rio Grande Valley in 1540, in modern New Mexico, some of the chieftains complained of new diseases that affected their tribes. The Corpo Cronológico (Chronological Corpus), a collection of manuscripts on the Portuguese explorations and discoveries in Africa, Asia and Latin America, was inscribed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register in 2007 in recognition of its historical value "for acquiring knowledge of the political, diplomatic, military, economic and religious history of numerous countries at the time of the Portuguese Discoveries."[108]. Besides the Crown and the conquistador, they were very important the backers who were charged with anticipating the money to the Capitán and guarantee payment of obligations. Isabella notably supported Columbus's first voyage that launched the conquistadors into action. Marching westward in 1524 to find the land of the "White King", he was the first European to cross South America from the East. European power in the region was weak and Ternate became an expanding, fiercely Islamic and anti-European state under the rule of Sultan Baab Ullah (r. 1570 – 1583) and his son Sultan Said. D'abord, les évangéliser ; ensuite, leur apprendre le castillan et enfin, leur … Les indiens, excédés par la cupidité de ces hommes venus de la mer, tentent de les éloigner en leur révélant lexistence dun El Dorado[3] qui hante depuis bien longtemps les conquérants espagnols. Majorca had many skilled Jewish cartographers. This was disputed in vain, and in 1777 Spain confirmed Portuguese sovereignty. The legend was initially infused with the idea that California was a terrestrial paradise, peopled by black women Amazons. The spice trade soon revived but the Portuguese would not be able to fully monopolize nor disrupt this trade.[72]. Mateus reached Portugal via Goa, having returned with a Portuguese embassy, along with priest Francisco Álvares in 1520. He was later awarded an estate in Santiago; a city he would help Valdivia found. Although some indigenous peoples of the Western Hemisphere did have domestic dogs, including the current Southwestern US, Aztec and other Central American peoples, the inhabitants of the Arctic/Tundra regions (Inuit, Aleut, Cree), and possibly some South American groups similar to South American fox (Pseudalopex culpaeus) or Yagan dog,[114] during the conquest of the Americas, Spanish conquistadors used Spanish Mastiffs and other Molossers in battle against the Taínos, Aztecs and Mayans. He continued as a free conquistador with the Spaniards to fight the Mayas in Yucatán in 1540. Faced with the options of either accessing other European markets by sea, by exploiting its seafaring prowess, or by land, and facing the task of crossing Castile and Aragon territory, it is not surprising that goods were sent via the sea to England, Flanders, Italy and the Hanseatic league towns. Afonso I wrote a series of letters to the kings of Portugal Manuel I and João III of Portugal concerning to the behavior of the Portuguese in his country and their role in the developing slave trade, complaining of Portuguese complicity in purchasing illegally enslaved people and the connections between Afonso's men, Portuguese mercenaries in Kongo's service and the capture and sale of slaves by Portuguese. It became a natural defence site for the Iberian Union. They had benefited from Guinea's connections with neighbouring Iberians and north African Muslim states. Mexico City a été fondée par les conquistadors espagnols en 1525 sur les ruines de l'ancienne cité aztèque de Tenochtitlán. The Dutch sacked Bahia in 1604, and temporarily captured the capital Salvador. These tactics had been used since antiquity, for example, in the Granada War, the conquest of the Canary Islands and conquest of Navarre. The marriage between Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabel of Castile caused joint rule of the spouses on the two kingdoms, dubbed "Catholic Kings" by Pope Alexander VI. Cette manière de préparer des pièges contre les espagnols était monnaie courante pour les nations Musos et Colimas, au nord de l’empire inca. They brought colonialism to much of the world for Spain and Portugal in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries. They belonged to a more militarily advanced civilization with better techniques, tools, a few number of crude fire arms, artillery, iron, steel and domesticated animals. In Colombia, Bolivia, and Argentina, conquistadors from Peru linked up with other conquistadors arriving more directly from the Caribbean and Río de la Plata-Paraguay respectively. In 1534 they escaped into the American interior, contacting other Native American tribes along the way. Les chefs achetaient eux-mêmes les navires, chevaux et armes dont ils avaient besoin ou se faisaient prêter de l'argent par des banquiers, de hauts fonctionnaires, des commerçants ou de grands propriétaires. In 1483 Diogo Cão sailed up the uncharted Congo River, finding Kongo villages and becoming the first European to encounter the Kongo kingdom.[45]. Dès le XVème siècle, sont apparus de grands explorateurs partant à la conquète du Nouvau Monde au nom du royaume d'Espagne, première puissance mondiale de l'époque. The Chamuscado and Rodriguez Expedition explored New Mexico in 1581–1582. Under John II (1481–1495) the fortress of São Jorge da Mina, the modern Elmina, was founded for the protection of the Guinea trade. They overthrew the Aztec civilization by allying with natives who had been subjugated by more powerful neighbouring tribes and kingdoms. Gasca convinced Pedro de Valdivia, explorer of Chile, Alonso de Alvarado another searcher for El Dorado, and others that if he were unsuccessful, a royal fleet of 40 ships and 15,000 men was preparing to sail from Seville in June. The Portuguese following the maritime trade routes of Muslims and Chinese traders, sailed the Indian Ocean. Brazil was claimed by Portugal in April 1500, on the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral. Throughout the 15th century, Portuguese explorers sailed the coast of Africa, establishing trading posts for tradable commodities such as firearms, spices, silver, gold, and slaves crossing Africa and India. However, Toral wrote in protest of the tax based on his services during his conquests. Pizarro was named governor and captain of all conquests in New Castile. Portugal had landed in North Africa after Abu Abdallah asked him to help recover the Saadian throne. When the others were struck ill, Estevanico continued alone, opening up what is now New Mexico and Arizona. This sentiment traveled with the conquistadors when they began their explorations into the Americas. The Venetian Sebastiano Caboto was Sebastián Caboto, Georg von Speyer Hispanicised as Jorge de la Espira, Eusebio Francesco Chini Hispanicised as Eusebio Kino, Wenceslaus Linck was Wenceslao Linck, Ferdinand Konščak, was Fernando Consag, Amerigo Vespucci was Américo Vespucio, and the Portuguese Aleixo Garcia was known as Alejo García in the Castilian army. After being declared innocent of the charges against him he was sent back to reassume his throne, but died en route at Malacca in 1545. As Francisco Pizarro subdued the empire in a manner similar to Cortés other conquistadores used Peru as base for conquering much of Ecuador and Chile. Whether or not the Corte-Reals expeditions were also inspired by or continuing the alleged voyages of their father, João Vaz Corte-Real (with other Europeans) in 1473, to Terra Nova do Bacalhau (Newfoundland of the Codfish), remains controversial, as the 16th century accounts of the 1473 expedition differ considerably. India Catalina and Malintzin were Native American women slaves who worked for the Spaniards. Díaz named the Colorado River Río del Tizón, while the name Colorado ("Red River") was first applied to a tributary of the Gila River. Ruy López de Villalobos sailed to the Philippines in 1542–43. [117], Mestre Jacome was a Majorcan cartographer induced by Portuguese prince Henry the Navigator to move to Portugal in the 1420s to train Portuguese map-makers in Majorcan-style cartography. Later, when Spain established a route to the Indies from the west, Portugal arranged a second treaty, the Treaty of Zaragoza. The "veedor" or notary, ensured they complied with orders and instructions and preserved the King's share of the booty. They not only fought in the battlefield but served as interpreters, informants, servants, teachers, physicians, and scribes. These tables revolutionized navigation, enabling latitude calculations. Both the Portuguese claim to Brazil and the Spanish claim to the Moluccas (see East Indies#History) depended on the treaty. The more professional campaigns were funded by the Crown. On the one hand, the introduction of the horse and other domesticated pack animals allowed them greater mobility unknown to the Indian cultures. In the thirteenth century they were guided by the sun position. ", theory of Portuguese discovery of Australia, Native Americans of the Andes in South America, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia, "Person-to-person transmission of Andes virus", "The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America" by James Axtell, The Spanish Colonial System, 1550–1800. [13] Christians, fighting for control, successfully pushed the Muslims back to Granada, which was the Muslim's last control of the Iberia. Under Afonso V (1443–1481), surnamed the African, the Gulf of Guinea was explored as far as Cape St Catherine (Cabo Santa Caterina),[42][43][44] and three expeditions in 1458, 1461 and 1471, were sent to Morocco; in 1471 Arzila (Asila) and Tangier were captured from the Moors. Mem de Sá was supporting of Jesuit priests, Fathers Manuel da Nóbrega and José de Anchieta, who founded São Vicente in 1532, and São Paulo, in 1554. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFCabeza_de,_Vaca1542 (, The standard view of historians is that Cabral was blown off course as he was navigating the currents of the South Atlantic, sighted the coast of South America, and thereby accidentally discovered Brazil. [110] They also supported the project economically, supplying money from their personal fortunes.[111]. After he pacified Hispaniola, where the native Indians had revolted against the administration of governor Nicolás de Ovando, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar led the conquest of Cuba in 1511 under orders from Viceroy Diego Columbus and was appointed governor of the island. [clarification needed] In 1630 the West India Company conquered part of Brazil, and the colony of New Holland (capital Mauritsstad, present-day Recife) was founded. Another factor was the ability of the conquistadors to manipulate the political situation between indigenous peoples. The conquistadors took many different roles, including religious leader, harem keeper, King or Emperor, deserter and Native American warrior. Sevilla la Nueva, established in 1509, was the first Spanish settlement on the island of Jamaica, which the Spaniards called Isla de Santiago. The Portuguese assimilated some of the native tribes[82] while others were enslaved or exterminated in long wars or by European diseases to which they had no immunity. The first epidemic was recorded in 1529 and killed the emperor Huayna Capac, the father of Atahualpa. These specially trained dogs were feared because of their strength and ferocity. Their armies were mostly composed of Spanish, as well as soldiers from other parts of Europe and Africa. The successive expeditions and experience of the Portuguese pilots led to a rapid evolution of Portuguese nautical science. Les conquistadores, criminels de la papauté ... Lorsque les Espagnols conquirent le Mexique, ils allèrent de surprise en surprise. [28], Juan Valiente was born West Africa and purchased by Portuguese traders from African slavers. In addition, the leader of the expedition received clear instructions about their duties towards the army, the native population, the type of military action. From the territories of the Aztec Empire, conquistadors expanded Spanish rule to northern Central America and parts of what is now the southern and western United States, and from Mexico sailing the Pacific Ocean to the Philippines. Human infections gained worldwide transmission vectors for the first time: from Africa and Eurasia to the Americas and vice versa. In 1536 Francisco de Ulloa, the first documented European to reach the Colorado River, sailed up the Gulf of California and a short distance into the river's delta.[30]. While a slave, he went with his Spanish owner on a campaign. Horses and mules carried them, pigs fed them and dogs fought for them. Besides conquests, Spanish conquistadors made significant explorations into the Amazon Jungle, Patagonia, the interior of North America, and the discovery and exploration of the Pacific Ocean. In Mombasa, Dom Vasco da Gama resorted to piracy, looting Arab merchant ships, which were generally unarmed trading vessels without heavy cannons. « Conquistador » expliqué aux enfants par Vikidia, l’encyclopédie junior, Vikiliens pour compléter sur les conquistadors, https://fr.vikidia.org/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&oldid=1518215, Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0. Les conquistadores sont les conquérants par excellence, c'est-à-dire les quelques milliers d'hommes qui ont donné à l'Espagne son empire américain. [clarification needed] Unfortunately, a fire following the 1755 Lisbon earthquake destroyed nearly all of the library's records, but an extra copy[clarification needed] available in Goa was transferred to Lisbon's Tower of Tombo, during the following 100 years. The Ottomans barred European access. [53]:page: 99 Zanzibar remained a possession of Portugal for almost two centuries. The Portuguese took no interest in the isolated Mascarene islands. After present-day Peruvian territories fell to Spain, Francisco Pizarro dispatched El Adelantado, Diego de Almagro, before they became enemies to the Inca Empire's northern city of Quito to claim it. [25], Africans were also conquistadors in the early Conquest campaigns in the Caribbean and Mexico. Elliot, introductory essay to Anthony Pagdens translation of Cortés's letters "Hernán Cortés" letters from Mexico" 2001 (1971, 1986) Yale University NotaBene books. ↑ « Le miroir de la cruelle et horrible tyrannie espagnole perpétrée aux Pays-Bas par le tyran duc d'Albe et autres commandants du roi Philippe II », sur World Digital Library, 1620 (consulté le 25 août 2013). Earlier expeditions by Diogo Dias and Afonso de Albuquerque had explored that part of the Indian Ocean, and discovered several islands new to Europeans. Ce n’est pas un ancien et un nouveau monde, mais deux « anciens » mondes, chacun à l’histoire pluri-millénaire, qui se rencontrent et s’affrontent. Toral died a veteran of three transatlantic voyages and two Conquest expeditions, a man who had successfully petitioned the great Spanish King, walked the streets of Lisbon, Seville, and Mexico City, and helped found a capital city in the Americas. Beaucoup ont cru en l'existence de l’Eldorado (de l'espagnol el dorado : « le doré Â»), lieu où, d'après la légende, l'or abondait. Il se diffé… In 1511, the Portuguese were the first Europeans to reach the city of Guangzhou by the sea, and they settled on its port for a commercial monopoly of trade with other nations. Le musée du Quai Branly consacre une exposition à la rencontre des Incas et des conquistadors, au XVIe siècle. In 1524 the Portuguese Estevão Gomes, who had sailed in Ferdinand Magellan's fleet, explored Nova Scotia, sailing South through Maine, where he entered New York Harbor and the Hudson River and eventually reached Florida in August 1525. The Spanish discovery of what they thought at that time was India, and the constant competition of Portugal and Spain led to a desire for secrecy about every trade route and every colony. Apart from their religious and scientific aspects, these voyages of discovery were highly profitable. Aside from the explorations predominated by Spain and Portugal, other parts of Europe also aided in colonization of the New World. "[55]:page: 81 This hands-off approach ended when Portugal established a fort on Pemba around 1635 in response to the Sultan of Mombasa's slaughter of Portuguese residents several years earlier. Following the discovery in 1492 by Spaniards of the New World with Italian explorer Christopher Columbus' first voyage there and the first circumnavigation of the world by Ferdinand Magellan and Juan Sebastián Elcano in 1521, expeditions led by conquistadors in the 16th century established trading routes linking Europe with all these areas.[4]. "In other respects, the affairs of the island were managed by the local 'king,' the predecessor of the Mwinyi Mkuu of Dunga. Later they were enslaved by the Hans, the Capoques and others. [112] A scarcity of firearms did not prevent conquistadors to pioneer the use mounted arquebusiers, an early form of dragoon. Following the murder of Sultan Hairun at the hands of the Europeans, the Ternateans expelled the hated foreigners in 1575 after a five-year siege. After Mexico fell, Hernán Cortés's enemies Bishop Fonseca, Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar, Diego Columbus and Francisco Garay[12] were mentioned in Cortés' fourth letter to the King in which he describes himself as the victim of a conspiracy. [citation needed]. [citation needed] Epidemic disease is commonly cited as the primary reason for the population collapse. They were considered the best cartographers of their time. Martín de Aguilar, lost from the expedition led by Sebastián Vizcaíno, explored the Pacific coast as far north as Coos Bay in present-day Oregon.[40]. The period of European contact of Ceylon began with the arrival of Portuguese soldiers and explorers of the expedition of Lourenço de Almeida, the son of Francisco de Almeida, in 1505. The strongest big breeds of broad-mouthed dogs were specifically trained for battle. The tendency to secrecy and falsification of dates casts doubts about the authenticity of many primary sources. By 1540 he was a captain, horseman, and partner in Pedro de Valdivia's company in Chile. From 1580 to 1670 mostly, the Bandeirantes in Brazil focused on slave hunting, then from 1670 to 1750 they focused on mineral wealth. By 1516 Afonso I sent various of his children and nobles to Europe to study, including his son Henrique Kinu a Mvemba, who was elevated to the status of bishop in 1518. See Díaz del Castillo (1963, p.27). Diego Velázquez, ordered expeditions, one led by his nephew, Juan de Grijalva, to Yucatán and the Hernán Cortés expedition of 1519. Buenos Aires was established in 1536, establishing the Governorate of the Río de la Plata. Quand les Espagnols arrivent, Atahualpa, né vers 1500 à Cuzco, est en train de venir à bout de son demi-frère Huascar qui lui dispute son trône. [citation needed] In 1608, he was sent to search for two mythical islands called Rico de Oro (island of gold) and Rico de Plata (island of silver). conquistadores ou conquistadors. In the 16th century they usually had two decks, stern castles fore and aft, two to four masts with overlapping sails. Le terme mestizo(attesté en ce sens en 1598) sert à dénommer cette nouvelle catégorie d’êtres humains issus des unions entre Amérindiens et Espagnols. [56], The aggregate of Portugal's colonial holdings in India were Portuguese India. From keyshistory.org. [clarification needed]. The cocoliztli epidemic from 1576 to 1578 killed an estimated, additional 2 to 2.5 million people, or about 50% of the remainder. These native forces often included African slaves and Native Americans. In this first group of Jesuit missionaries were included Spaniards Cosme de Torres and Juan Fernandez. Thus dividing the world into two exploration and colonizing areas seemed appropriate. In 1517 Francisco Hernández de Córdoba sailed from Cuba in search of slaves along the coast of Yucatán. In the 1500s there were enslaved black, free black, and free black sailors on Spanish ships crossing the Atlantic and developing new routes of conquest and trade in the Americas. Even the dogs, important weapons of war in their own right, were in some cases rewarded. In 1629 Suriname and Guyana were established. [citation needed], One of the black conquistadors who fought against the Aztecs and survived the destruction of their empire was Juan Garrido. However, for an alternative account of the discovery of Brazil, see. Limited crew and cargo space was acceptable, initially, because as exploratory ships, their "cargo" was what was in the explorer's discoveries about a new territory, which only took up the space of one person. They were armoured dogs trained to kill and disembowel.[115]. In places such as Argentina, New Mexico and California, the indigenous people learned horsemanship, cattle raising, and sheep herding. Gerónimo de Aguilar, who had taken holy orders in his native Spain, was captured by Mayan lords too, and later was a soldier with Hernán Cortés. Spain received the lands west of this line. [60] The Portuguese, led by Pedro Lopes de Sousa, launched a full-scale military invasion of the Kingdom of Kandy in the Campaign of Danture of 1594. Ces conquistadores ont été répertoriés dans un dictionnaire établi à l'aide de la quasi-totalité des sources disponibles (archives espagnoles et mexicaines, chroniques du XVIe siècle, etc.). C'est bientôt l'été et les vacances, alors une petite vidéo sur l'Espagne s'impose ! The Dutch intrusion into Brazil was long lasting and troublesome to Portugal. Hernan Cortes découvre et conquiert l'empire aztèque autour de 1520. Their units (compañia) would often specialize in forms of combat that required long periods of training that were too costly for informal groups. It was first used by the Portuguese, and later by the Spanish. It had a high rounded stern with large aftcastle, forecastle and bowsprit at the stem. 1. 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[72] Serrão urged Ferdinand Magellan to join him in Maluku, and sent the explorer information about the Spice Islands. From 1519 to 1521, Hernán Cortés waged a campaign against the Aztec Empire, ruled by Moctezuma II. Les premières importations d'or et d'argent en Espagne débutent en 1503, année de création de La Casa de Contratación, administration coloniale installée à Séville pour contrôler tout le commerce des Indes espagnoles. In 1624 most of the inhabitants of the town Pernambuco (Recife), in the future Dutch colony of Brazil were Sephardic Jews who had been banned by the Portuguese Inquisition to this town at the other side of the Atlantic Ocean. In west Africa Cidade de Congo de São Salvador was founded some time after the arrival of the Portuguese, in the pre-existing capital of the local dynasty ruling at that time (1483), in a city of the Luezi River valley. In 1539, Estevanico was one of four men who accompanied Marcos de Niza as a guide in search of the fabled Seven Cities of Cibola, preceding Coronado. Several historians have hypothesized that John II may have known of the existence of Brazil and North America as early as 1480, thus explaining his wish in 1494 at the signing of the Treaty of Tordesillas, to push the line of influence further west. The knowledge of wind patterns and currents, the trade winds and the oceanic gyres in the Atlantic, and the determination of latitude led to the discovery of the best ocean route back from Africa: crossing the Central Atlantic to the Azores, using the winds and currents that spin clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere because of atmospheric circulation and the effect of Coriolis, facilitating the way to Lisbon and thus enabling the Portuguese to venture farther from shore, a manoeuvre that became known as the "volta do mar" (return of the sea). Le conquistador le plus célèbre bien qu’il ne soit ni espagnol ni portugais mais italien, Christophe Colomb , était au service des rois espagnols. L'Amérique devait être une province de l'Espagne. However, the oldest signed Portuguese sea chart is a Portolan made by Pedro Reinel in 1485 representing the Western Europe and parts of Africa, reflecting the explorations made by Diogo Cão. By a series of successful expeditions, he gradually extended the Dutch possessions from Sergipe on the south to São Luís de Maranhão in the north. Ils n'ont pas usurpé leur renommée : entre la découverte du Pacifique par Balboa (1513) et le triomphe de Pizarro au Pérou (1535), il ne leur a pas fallu un quart de siècle pour accomplir les conquêtes décisives. Dès 1498, quand il découvre les terres continentales, les conquistadores espagnols se bousculent pour venir conquérir ce nouveau continent. In 1434 the first consignment of slaves was brought to Lisbon; slave trading was the most profitable branch of Portuguese commerce until the Indian subcontinent was reached.
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